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英国文化英语论文

英国文化英语论文第1篇

关键词:英语教学 文化特质 重要性 因素

中图分类号:G420 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-9795(2014)03(b)-0098-01

文化是语言存在和利用的环境,同时语言也是对文化的直接反映,在英语学习中必须要掌握语言使用包含的文化内容,体验不同的文化意识,只有这样不断的培养英语文化理念,才能更好的获得跨文化交际的能力。而现今,我国的英语教学中没有对文化特质进行正确的引导,促使学生在英语学习上形成了一定的障碍,所以我们有必要对英语教学中的文化特质进行细致研究,以此来推动英语教学的进步和发展。本文从英语教学文化缺失的主要因素出发,论述了英语教学文化引入的重要性和英语教学中文化元素体现的具体内容,并详细的分析了英语教学文化培养的具体措施。

1 英语教学文化缺失的主要因素

英语教学中的文化传递是语言学习中的重要环节,如果只注重语言学习而忽视对文化的了解,在英语学习中就会形成一定的障碍,造成学习成绩止步不前。而现今的英语教学缺乏文化特质或文化元素的正确引导,在实际教学中英语文化的介入与教学方向都有非常大的局限性,形成这种现象的原因主要有两点:首先是教师的理念问题,在很长一段时间内,教师都把英语教学作为一种理论语言教学,无论从语言结构、语言转换、语言演变等方面,都认为英语的语言学习只是针对语言本身,在这种理念下教师逐渐形成了固定的语言培养策略和教学模式,语言文化教学难以开展;其次,英语语言学习过程中,英语参考资料过少,这极大的限制了师生对语言文化的了解,在实际教学中有些词汇在字典或教材上能够查到,但语义往往存在偏差,这就是英语语言文化上的差异,虽然有部分教师认识到了文化因素在教学中的重要性,但由于资料偏少,制约了英语学习的文化传递。

2 英语教学文化引入的重要性

英语教学文化引入是英语学习中的一个必要过程,同时也是语言自身特点和文化关系所决定的。

2.1 提高语言的交流能力

在英语教学中有效的文化引入可以提高学生的语言交流能力。语言是文化的重要组成部分,充分的掌握了语言符号系统是不够的,还要细致的对语言文化进行学习,如果只是一味的强化语言的运用,会造成在实际交流中不能够快速、准确的进行表达,而犯下严重的语用错误,所以在英语教学中要加强文化的引入,以此来提高学生的英语交流能力。

2.2 提高社会文化能力

随着我国改革开放政策的深入发展,我国与国际的交流日益增多,这在不同程度上促进了我国与其他国家的文化交流,同时因文化差异引发交往中的误解也时有发生,这往往是因为对某些国家的文化不够了解,利用英语进行交流时不能更好、更准确的进行表达,就会引发一些误会,所以在英语教学中教师一定要认识到英语文化的社交能力,在英语教学中加以重视。

2.3 激发学习兴趣

英语学习中文化的引入可以极大的提高学生的学习兴趣。英语教学中在满足学生的语言学习需求的同时,教师还要加大英语文化的引入,这可以提高学生的学习兴趣,同时通过文化背景、文化内涵、词语形成的特点等方面对学生进行讲解,强化英美文化习俗的灌输,以帮助学生更好的理解学习英语。在实际教学中教师还可以介绍美国人的价值观、生活观、风俗等,这不但可以激发学生的学习热情,还可以促进学生理解不同语境下的语言含义。

3 英语教学中文化元素体现的具体内容

英语教学中文化元素体现应从三个方面出发:词语文化、环境文化、习语风俗文化。

3.1 词语文化

词语文化在不同的国家、语言、民族中都有着不同的含义。在英语学习中词语文化也有一些特性,如:“龙”这个词,在英语文化或西方文化中是邪恶势力的象征,而在中国文化中龙是一个图腾,是吉祥的动物,文化理解上存在一定的差异,同时表达方式上也存在差异,我国文化常把龙比喻为积极向上的一面,如生龙活虎、龙马精神等,而在西方则体现出邪恶的一面,如:the great dragon,所以在教学中要注重词语文化的体现,以帮助学生更好的理解。

3.2 环境文化

语言交流中也要注重环境文化,英语交流也不例外。人与人都是在交流中相互了解的,而跨语言跨文化交流中环境文化就显得更为重要。如英语国家比较忌讳13这个数,在交流过程中或活动安排上一定要避开13这个数,如果没有相应的环境文化了解,就会引发交际上的误会。

3.3 习语风俗文化

中西方文化存在差异,在习语和民俗方面尤为突出。习语是人民群众在劳动过程中创造出来的,这与人的生活环境密切相关,有的习语直接表达人们劳动中的习惯,而有一些则是外来语的演变,风俗则包括了一个民族的物质生活和精神生活文化。在外语教学上教师要利用好习语和风俗激发学生对语言学习的兴趣,更好地把课本融入生活,提高学生的学习动力。

4 英语教学中文化培养的具体措施

4.1 显性教学方式

英语教学中教师可以利用显性教学的方式进行,在课堂上教师可以利用英语国家的概况、环境、历史、习语、典故、人文等内容,进行专题式的讲解,强化对英语文化的直接灌输,促进学生对英语文化的认识和理解。在课下教师还可以和学生一起过一些西方节日,讲授一些关于西方的风俗和习惯的内容,加深学生对西方文化和语言运用能力的认识和培养。

4.2 隐性教学方式

隐性教学方式是指在教学过程中通过潜移默化的方式来帮助学生学习。英语教学中可以利用英文电影、英文小说、英文故事、英文歌曲等,对学生进行隐性的英语文化引导,并由浅入深的挖掘其文化内涵。教学过程中鼓励学生多看或多听一些与英语国家有关的文、史、哲方面的材料,这样有利于学生通过观察、阅读、听说等构建背景知识图式,从而为英语的阅读理解和交际服务打下文化基础。

参考文献

[1] 朱永涛.英语国家社会与文化入门[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.

英国文化英语论文第2篇

论文摘要:大学英语教学中涉及中国文化的内容几乎为空白,这非常不利于跨文化交际的顺利实现,不利于中国优秀传统文化的对外传播以及中西文化的交流和互补,对我国对外交往起到了限制性作用。因此在大学英语教学中引入中国文化教学是必要的。本文从分析其现状和原因入手,进而从教材鳊写和外语教育工作者的素质方面提出一些对策,以期有助于提高学生用英语跨文化交际的能力,并有力地保障中国文化在对外交流过程中的主体性。

一、引言

中国文化失语症,最初是医学术语,指由受伤或疾病引起的大脑损伤而导致思想表达能力、口语及书面语理解能力的部分或全部缺失。20世纪90年代文学评论家们开始批判西方文学思想的入侵,中国古代文学思想的流失,因此出现了”中国文学失语症“.

患上了”失语症”的人在跨文化交际中似乎己经找不到表达中国本土文化的语言了.这不能不说是英语教学中的一大失败。剩下的问题就是大家齐心协力寻找良方克服这一症结。以下从了解现状入手,进而对其原因进行分析,最后对策略提出个人见解,以期有助于提高学生用英语跨文化交际的能力,并有力的保障中国文化在对外交流过程中的主体性。

二、”中国文化失语症”现状

最早提出失语症这一概念是在文化研究领域,这一病症的症状是:在与西方同行交流时,提不出自己独特的观点,发不出自己独到的话语声音,其言说的方式、内容和用以言说的术语都是西方的.而本土语言的声音逐渐微弱甚至被遗弃。我们不难发现类似的失语现象也同样存在于英语教学所倡导的跨文化交际中。并因此造成交际中的事倍功半甚至是适得其反的交际失败.尤其在需要用英语对中国传统文化、特色文化进行输出时,其症状愈发突出。例如:一些人说起西方的情人节、圣诞节、的来龙去脉或风情习俗时可以侃侃而谈,滔滔不绝。但当西方朋友问起我们的端午节源于何,粽子为何物时,我们却一脸哑然,无言以对。

也许你会说以上只是个例,或者只是英语初学者犯的毛病。但以下数据应该足以说明失语症的普遍性:清华大学的张为民、朱红梅以答卷和访谈形式对126名该校非英语专业本科生进行了使用英语表达中国特色文化话题的能力测试,内容包括中国事物、民俗以及历史名胜古迹等。结果表明:大多数受测者不能很好地用英语表达我们的民族文化,对于列出的中国特色话题百分之七十以上的受测者不能给出恰当的英语表达,而且在可以接受的表达中还有较大部分归为解释性意译。中国文化在大学英语教育中受到了明显的忽视。

再举一个更具有普遍性的例子,相信绝大多数的口语教师都会有这种体会:课堂上一到了老师布置自由讨论时间,活跃的课堂就一下子变得鸦雀无声了。因为他们总觉得找不到讨论的话题。即使老师指定一个话题,交谈也是举步维坚。为什么会有这样的现象出现呢?因为我们是中国人,生活在中国,我们接触的每一样东西每一件事情都是很中国化的。而我们书本上学的只是西方文化,所以即便给出一个很简单的话题,用英语鞭打出来也变得不简单了。比如说,叫个学生简要概述《三国演义》、或《红楼梦》的大意,且不说其内容,就对这两部巨著的题目的表述就会冒出很多西式的版本来。比如说:《红楼梦》中的”楼”,’building’太现代,’apartment’太洋气,唯有,’mansion’既古典又中国。《三国演义》中的“演义”,’story.太情感,’performance’太休闲,只有,’romance.才能恰当的演绎出它的传奇色彩.而这些就是我们的中国文化,要恰当的表达这些内容,首先要对这两部作品的内容、历史、文化背景有深刻的了解。然后才能得心应手的介绍中国文化,对比中西文化,成功地进行跨文化交际。

三、原因分析

外语教学的现状如同普通学校外语教学一样,基本上以应试教育为主?由于应试教育是围绕考试展开教学活动的,注重强化训练式教学,因此,分数便成为衡量学生外语水平的标准,教师在教学中注重应试技巧,学生忙于应付考试,导致了教学目标滞后?观念片面?这个理念限制了教学手段,使以提高素质为目标的外语教学受限于应试教育?学生的应试能力提高了,可表现出来的运用语言的交际能力却低得令人吃惊,这是由于不懂得语言使用中的差异而造成了语用失误?语言使用的不得体,是跨文化差异造成的?不了解文化差异出现文化错误比语言错误更为严重,因为语言错误仅是表层结构的错误,最多会被人认为英语说得不好,而文化错误意味着交际出现障碍?

由此可见,学生学习外语的瓶颈不是由于语言知识掌握不足,而在于不熟悉目的语国家人民的思维模式以及社会文化背景?有些学生有很好的语音?语调?词汇?句法,但就是没有学会英文思维模式,典型的汉语思维,直接翻译,不符合英语语言习惯,导致中式英语(Chinglish),影响交流的正常进行?语言学家Brown先生指出,学习一门外国语必须要在某种程度上了解其文化,尽管实际上你从未踏上过目的语国家的领土?

四、对策

外语教学是为了民族与民族间的双向交流服务,而决不是屏弃一种文化而吸取另一种文化,更不应该排除本民族文化而去接受另一种文化。外语教学中如果忽略了本民族文化的教学,实际上就丧失了理解目的语文化基础,同时会造成民族自卑心理,导致不能以平和的心态与对方交际,造成文化交际的心理障碍,阻碍跨文化交际能力的发展。

以上分析可以看出中华文化为何失语,既己失语,我们就应该努力寻找对策。语言是文化的载体,而语言学习绝大部分都是在教学中完成的,教学中教师、教材、学生是三个必要的因素。显然,学生的失语症与教师、教材有着必然的联系。以下从教材的编写与课程设计、外语教育工作者方面寻找对策。

第一、教材编写与课程设计

鉴于中华传统文化对自身民族未来命运的重要性,尤其是面对汹涌的西方文化的涌入国人一味盲从。我认为必须在大学阶段继续重视中国文化教育,而在大学教育中有效的中国文化教育方式应该是,在颇受学生重视的大学英语中加入中国文化内容,这样的话中西文化的对话与交流就有了共同的平台,使学生在对比中更深刻的了解和运用文化知识。这就需要有相应的教材作为教学的辅助。还可开设一些中华文化课程,文化与社会、文化与教育,中西文化比较等课程,必修与选修相结合,文化内容与文化表达并驾齐驱,还可试行双文化的办学模式,努力开拓和创造双向文化互补的视野。

在我国2000年4月颁布的《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》中,对学生的文化素养提出了更明确更详细的要求:’.英语专业高年级的学生要熟悉中国文化传统,具有弘扬中国文化传统的能力”。2003年下发的《普通高中英语课程标准》也强调:”基础英语教育阶段的任务要帮助学生了解世界和中西文化的差异”。教材的编写必须要为教育目标服务,补充所用教材里中华文化内容的空白。对于纯语言以及目的语文化的比例做出适当的调整,也可在翻译教材中,增加中华文化内容所占的比例。

第二、提高外语工作者的文化素养

1990年一次全国中译英学术研讨会上,时任文化部外文出版社发行局局长的林戊荪语重心长地告诫与会者:”我们如果不了解外国的文化传统也就无法真正掌握外国的语言。但要做好中译英工作,不但要掌握外语,还要不断提高我们的汉语修养和扩大对祖国的文化的了解.,。从字面上看这是对翻译工作者说的话。事实上这番话适同于所有学习外语的中国人。因为任何一个学习外语的中国人都无法避免翻译。在跨文化交际中,要想把中华文化的特色和独立性融入于跨文化对话中,外语工作者就应该对自己的文化有一个深入的了解。教学之余,应该自觉主动地学习中华文化,提高自身的文化涵养。在外语教学中,应该有意识地平等对待和传播中西文化,追求文化的双重性,突出目的语与母语的差异,在母语文化与英美文化冲突时,引导学匀‘者对目的语文化的价值观提出质疑,目的语文化与母语共融时,懂得如何为他国利益服务。在工作中应不断增强文化自觉、文化认同和文化安全意识。

英国文化英语论文第3篇

培养思辨能力的教学理念

为了帮助学生在相对较短的时间内对中国传统文化的认识上升至概念层面,同时能够在有限的时间内扩大他们的知识面,获取较为丰富的中国传统文化知识,本课程由两大部分内容组成:一部分侧重于传统实践,包括传统节日,传统技能、技法的介绍,如瓷器、丝绸、茶道、书画、园林、建筑、曲艺、武术、中医等等,这一部分旨在引导学生从表面现象入手,深入探讨这些传统实践背后隐含的文化内涵;另一部分则为形而上的介绍,着重探讨儒、释、道以及中国传统的哲学观,意在帮助学生建构关于中国传统文化的理论框架。这样的课程设置,意在使学生将文化现象与形而上层面的认识相结合,从而对中国传统文化形成相对完整的体系式认知。

面对如此庞杂且难度深浅不一的教学内容,因材施教始终是一项极为有效的教学原则。不过,这个“材”不仅仅指传统意义上的教授对象,也包括不同教学内容、教学材料。而“读议写”课程的教学改革就能很好地满足因材施教的需要。“读议写”系列课程是湖南师范大学外国语学院英语听说读写基础课部级教学团队改革传统英语教学模式的一次大胆尝试。它一改以往教学中锻炼“手段”、单独训练某项技能的做法,将教学目标提升至较高的锻炼思辨能力以及批判性思维能力的层次,引导学生以增强智识为目的,通过课前广泛涉猎阅读材料(读)、课堂讨论(议)以及课后写作(写)的方式,从整体上提升学习效果。

值得一提的是,思辨能力的锻炼是“读议写”课程的重要目标。思辨能力的培养是教育界经久不衰的话题,但教育实践往往与教育理念脱节,这种情况在英语专业似乎更甚。文秋芳教授曾于2009年11月针对11所高校14个文科专业超过2000名一至三年级学生展开过思辨能力的实证调查,实验结果显示,“大学3年期间,英语专业学生思维水平有小幅量变,但未呈现质变的阶段性特征。其他文科类大学生不仅进步幅度大,而且呈现质变的关键期在二到三年级之间。”英语专业学生思维发展变化呈现的这一特点与英语系在课程设置上重视语言能力的培养轻分析、推理、评判能力的训练不无关系。“读议写”系列课程正是针对这一现状就思辨能力的培养展开的一次有益尝试。

三段式教学实践

按照“读议写”课程的要求,中国传统文化课程根据不同的教学内容,遵循归纳的逻辑,将课堂教学分为3个阶段。第一阶段为入门铺垫阶段,这一阶段的教学以激发学生对于中国传统文化的好奇心和学习兴趣为目的,从那些学生自以为熟知的文化现象入手,发现其间不为人留心的关联,对其背后的文化内涵进行深挖;第二阶段为知识扩展阶段,此时要将教学视野扩展至知之不深的种种文化实践,以深化对中国传统文化的了解;第三阶段则为总括升华阶段,旨在归纳总结之前的学习,将教学内容上升至形而上的层次,以建立体系式的认知。对应于这3个不同的学习阶段,课前的阅读、课堂里的讨论形式会相应地产生变化。

第一阶段学习的关键在于从现象中发掘观念。一般说来,学生从出生之日起,一直浸淫于中国文化之中,对于传统文化一知半解,仅知道一些简单的文化现象,熟悉表层文化,但对于这些表层文化现象很少进行批判性思考,对支持这些文化现象的深层文化更是缺乏了解,对之进行探究的意识淡薄。针对这一情况,教师作为课堂讨论的引导者,采取启发式教学,有选择性地择取并罗列学生熟知的表层文化现象,再以连续发问的形式将这些现象上升至概念层面,引领他们发现日常生活中习以为常的事情背后的中国人特有的基本文化观念,再经由辩论、讨论等形式加深理解。例如从引导学生分析汉语里的一些有意思的现象———对于某些奇、偶数的偏好入手,深入发掘中国古人独有的宇宙观等。这些观念存在于人的意识之中并决定人的行为,不少属于集体无意识的范畴,从学生的反应来看,他们大多受控于这些观念却不自知。再如,学习传统的重大节日时,让学生列举传统节日的传统风俗以及与这些节日源起相关的种种传说故事,并对各个节日进行分类比较,使他们发现很多节日背后的文化内涵。从大量的节庆都要进行扫墓祭祖活动不难看出中国人对于祖先的敬重,由此对于家文化是支撑中国传统文明的一大基石有了更深层的理解。此外,这些传统节庆日期的取定,又与中国传统哲学中对数的理解,以及佛教、道教的影响息息相关。从教学中收到的反馈来看,经过这一阶段的学习,学生往往能意识到自己知识结构、经验范围以及思维方式上的不足,他们的好奇心被调动起来,从而激发他们主动学习的兴趣。

打好基本观念的基础之后,第二阶段的学习重点定位于在世界文化的大背景下,从不同角度观照中国传统文化中具有代表性的文化现象,并对之进行深层次的学习。自古以来,中国与外界的经济、文化交流频繁,对世界文明的进程有着重大贡献,因此,这一阶段的学习不再单一地在中国传统文化的语境中进行研习。例如探究为什么中国的四大发明是火药、指南针、造纸术、活字印刷术而非其他诸如丝绸、瓷器等举世闻名的创造或物产,以及活字印刷和造纸术如何影响了欧洲文明的进程等等。

有了第一阶段启发式教学的铺垫,第二阶段教学的特点在于“主动”二字。首先,这一阶段要求革新教学手段,变由老师主导的课堂为学生主讲的课堂。第二阶段的教学按讲授主题事先将学生分为若干个小组,或称小的学习共同体(communityoflearn-ing),在课堂上给每个小组20分钟时间充当“本堂课讲师”,共同就一个话题展开陈述。在陈述过程中给予听众随时就陈述内容进行发问的权力,以此激励讲师与听众之间的互动。此举一方面活跃了课堂教学氛围,调动学生学习的积极性,将被动地接受灌输变为主动学习。另一方面,由于随机提问提高了主讲人对于讲题的了解和熟悉程度的要求,增强了课外学习的严肃性和重要性。换言之,它将课外学习与课堂学习有机融合,在某种意义上强迫学生主动思考,有效地提高了学习效果。当然,这并不代表教师在课堂中丧失了教学功能,相反,这样的教学模式对老师的知识结构以及教学能力提出了更高的要求,不仅要能够加入并引导学生的陈述和讨论,更要能从课堂讨论中启发学生。#p#分页标题#e#

基于锻炼学生思维和交流能力的考虑,我们要求陈述内容充实、思维严密、逻辑严谨、表达得体。学生在利用多媒体辅助教学手段进行陈述时,PPT里面只能出现提纲挈领式的关键词,主讲人只能讲不能诵读,必须要以学生自己的逻辑呈现所讲述内容。针对部分英语表达不够自信的学生,鼓励他们以完成交流为首要目标,在实现这一目标的同时兼顾语法准确、语音正确等其他原则。如此一来,既避免学生直接挪用网上获取的资源,又锻炼了他们的逻辑思维能力、表达能力以及临场应变的能力。此外,无论是讲解还是提问交流或是展开讨论,学生须遵循“得体”原则,注意区别口头陈述语言与书面语。口头陈述要重点突出,与同学交流时则要注意彬彬有礼。从教学效果来看,在某种程度上,第一阶段中教师的教学方式对学生起到了示范作用,学生在汲取教师经验的基础上自我发挥,不少人在角度的选择以及陈述的形式上出人意表,带给教师很多惊喜。

除了课堂内的主动,课外的主动学习对于第二阶段的教学也非常重要。课外学习指的是学生课前搜索并筛选阅读材料,进行大量阅读,将知识消化吸收,然后选择角度提炼陈述。教学材料的获取曾经是困扰英语专业学习的一大难题,如今,学生获取信息的渠道多元化,在网络日益发达的情况下,各种搜索引擎以及知识库的出现令知识信息量成几何级数增长,这一方面解决了阅读材料来源的问题,另一方面对阅读者的逻辑思维能力,尤其是甄别、过滤材料的能力提出了更高的要求。此时,训练学生如何从浩如烟海的信息量中筛选出有用信息、权威知识,就成为重要的学习内容。因此,学习不再局限于知识的获取,更是智识的锻炼。

有了前两个阶段的学习和探讨作为铺垫,第三阶段中对中国传统文化进行形而上的总结讨论就不再显得深奥艰涩。这一阶段的学习以深刻性为特征,而检验思考深度最有效方式便是写作。从思维训练的角度上来说,课后写作的重要性甚至超过课前阅读以及课堂讨论,因为写作是课前、课中思考的延续,是对阅读、讨论的成果进行反思,努力形成自己独有观念,并将之系统化的过程。换言之,阅读和讨论的最终落脚点为能够将所思所想付诸文字,形成篇章。如果说,课前、课中的学习旨在锻炼并提高学生综合思辨的能力,那么课后的写作环节就是对之前学习的检验。根据“读议写”课程的整体设计,学生的写作训练贯穿这3个学习阶段的始终。为了充分调动学生的积极性,给予学生一定的自主性,教师只规定某个写作主题,学生可以根据各自的喜好,围绕该主题自行拟定作文题目。

与传统写作课不同,中国传统文化课程要求学生只就一个题目进行写作,但必须经历数易其稿的过程,将论文由最初的600字左右扩展至最后的1500字。最初的论文,逻辑性差、论点不够鲜明、论证不充分等老问题仍然十分突出,而且学生的思维存在严重的同化现象,不仅选题雷同,论点相近,就连论证的方法以及论据都极为相似。有一个班,第一次交上来的作业有四分之一的同学全部以“论文化身份”为题。不过,这种大面积雷同并不意味着学生的个体性已经遭到抹杀,而是说明学生在某种程度上受应试教育的影响,收敛了其思维的锐度,在面对各种纷至沓来的作业时,已经养成了思维上的一种懒惰,总是以最显而易见但却缺乏思想深度和个性的方式进行应付。然而,随着学习的步步深入,思考逐渐深入,学生的思维开始活跃。同样是从小的现象入手探究文化现象背后隐含的文化基因,但最后确定的选题殊异,有同学探讨龙图腾,有的同学选择研究中国的人情观,还有同学从《喜福会》入手,分析中国的家观念等等。选题的多样化至少从一个方面表明学生确实积极主动开始思考。实践证明,经过数次修改、扩充之后,论文在论点的鲜明度、论证的条理性、论据的提出等方面得到明显改善。如果说写作是有效展示学生思辨能力的方式之一,这样的结果也许能说明经过中国传统文化课程的训练,学生的思辨能力在一定程度上得到提高,至少,在思想的深度、知识面的广度以及思考问题的角度等方面取得了进步。

结语

英国文化英语论文第4篇

论文摘要:外语教育中文化教育的重要性毋庸置疑。在以往的大学英语教学过程中,教师强调加强对西方文化背景导入的同时,却往往忽视中国文化的导入,从而造成一些大学生用英语恰当地表达中国的传统文化信息时遇到障碍,使跨文化交际难以顺利实现。文章在回顾文化教学的基础上,论述在新疆高校英语教学中加强中国汉文化导入的必要性和可行性,提出其在教学中的主要方法。

一、引言

语言和文化关系密切。语言承载并象征着文化现实,是文化的一部分,也是文化的载体。既然语言和与其相关的文化是不可分割的,那么教授一种语言就不可避免地会教授其相关文化,因为任何一种语言教学都不可能在文化真空中发生。我国的外语教育在过去的很长一段时期内受到结构主义教学理论的影响,过分地强调语言的形式而忽略了语言的意义。学习者死记硬背、模仿学习、机械训练、句型练习,结果导致许多人语言交际能力差。随着20世纪七十年代后期的改革开放,最新的外语教学法—交际教学法也传人中国。交际教学法把意义作为语言教学的最高目标,而意义的表达受某种文化规范的限制。这就意味着这种教学法将语言与文化结合起来了。但是阅读了许多发表在各种学术刊物上的有关跨文化交际能力培养方面的文章以后不难发现,我国许多教育家、语言学家和英语教师在充分肯定了了解目的语文化在跨文化交际和外语语言学习过程中的必要性和重要性时,却忽略了文化交流是双向的这一基本理论,忽视本国文化的教育和输出。中国人在跨文化交际中对中国本土文化了解不到位,无法用正确的英语表达,导致交际失败或低效。

二、高校英语教学中导入中国文化的现状

文化教育作为外语教育中的重要方面得到了语言理论工作者和广大外语教师的普遍认同。20世纪八十年代以来,我国大学英语选用的英语教材和课堂上大量介绍英美国家的文化与习俗,并且开设了以英美文化为背景和核心的必修课和选修课,这对外语教学起到了一定的促进作用,使学生在学习英语语言的同时了解了英美国家的文化,提高了学生的跨文化交际能力。但人们一味地强调目的语文化教学单向地导人目的语文化,片面地理解和吸收目的语文化,而很少涉及母语文化,使母语文化在外语教学中受到前所未有的轻视和冲击。作为交际主体一方的文化背景—中国文化之英语表达,基本上仍处于被忽视状态。从丛外语发现有许多英文水平很高的中国青年学者在与西方人交往过程中,不能用英语表达母语文化,显示不出来自文化古国的学者所应具有的深厚文化素养和独立的文化风范。当西方同行怀着敬意探询Confucianism /Taoism儒/道)的真谛时,我们的学习者却心有余而力不足,只能顾左右而言他。还有一种现象就是现在的学生谈到西方的“圣诞节”或“情人节”滔滔不绝,而提到中国的传统节日时却不知如何用英语表达,无法进行真正有效的双向跨文化交流。这不得不让我们反思英语教学的方法和实效。

三、新疆高校英语教学中目的语文化、汉文化和新疆本土文化的兼容并蓄的重要性和必要性

(一)新疆高校外语教育的培养目标和跨文化交际成功的基本前提

外语教学的主要目的之一就是训练学生进行“跨文化交际”,即培养学生成功地跨文化交际所需要的能力或素质。跨文化交际是语言与文化的双向交际,而完全失去自我文化的交际就变成了单向文化交际。跨文化交际决不能仅局限于对交际对象的“理解”方面,而且还有与交际对象的“文化共享”和对交际对象的“文化影响”方面,在某些情况下,后两者对于成功交际则更为重要。在发展新疆少数民族地区经济、改变贫穷落后面貌的进程中,精通英语的少数民族人才将起到重要的“排头兵”和“领头羊”的作用。少数民族地区的高校为少数民族大学生开设英语课,可以培养他们的跨文化交际能力,使他们能够以英语为工具了解国外先进的科学知识与技能,提高自身素质和创造性解决问题的能力,成为知识型劳动者,进而促进整个少数民族科学文化素质的提高。改革开放初期,我们总是睁大好奇的眼睛看着外面精彩的世界。学习外语的目的主要是帮助我们学习外国先进的科学文化知识,这段时期的交流主要是单向的外国文化导人。改革开放三十年来,中国的经济实力有了很大提高,世界各个国家对中国政治、经济的兴趣,必然扩展到对文化的兴趣,必然要对中国语言的学习问题提出迫切要求。在这个大的国际形势下,我们学习外语的目的不再只是为了目的语文化的单向导人,也是为了实现跨文化交际。这种跨文化交际既有可能因为彼此缺乏对对方文化的了解而出现交际失误,也有可能因为不会使用外语进行本土文化表述而导致交际中断。如果牺牲中国文化而促进了西方文化,仍然会造成中西文化交流中的障碍,对于国际交流的负面影响比以往因缺乏西方文化的负面影响还要严重。因此,在外语教学中,在对目的语文化的侧重的同时还应加强母语文化教学,尤其是加强母语文化的外语表达能力的培养,并帮助学生作相应的中西文化对比,使他们对中西文化的本质和表象上的差异和共同点获得比较探刻的了解,这是成功交际的前提。在具体的交际中,还必须懂得合理运用目的语文化的知识指导自己的言行,需要恰当得体地向对方解释和介绍母语文化的内涵。只有做到了这两点才能有效地训练学生的跨文化交际能力,使他们在实际的交际中成功地进行跨文化交际。

(二)更好地习得英语语言及其文化的有效途径

学习外语时,完全脱离母语是不可能的。语言之间有些普遍现象,不参考母语,不与母语对比就谈不上学好外语。我国翻译界的老前辈的治学经历已经最好地证明了这一事实。他们把博大精深的母语文化和外语文化与个人人格有机地结合在一起,造就了他们杰出的外语水平和外语交际能力。脱离了母语文化的外语学习犹如无本之木,无源之水,是难以培养出高层次外语人才的。然而长期以来,我国教育研究者过多地关注母语文化在外语学习中的负迁移,却往往忽略了母语文化还可以在以跨文化交际为目的的外语教学中发挥正迁移的作用。我们要做的是有效地排除母语文化的负迁移作用,充分发挥它的正迁移作用,利用母语与母语文化知识来促进英语学习中有共性的知识的理解和学习。因此,学习者要注意了解自己的文化模式。一方面文化的自我意识有助于我们进行语言与文化研究;另一方面,我们可以把通过理解自己的文化模式作为通向理解其他文化的桥梁,有助于我们对目的语文化的掌握。在以跨文化交际为目的的外语教学中应有意识地收人一些体现外语学习者母语文化的语言项目,促进学生更有效地进行目的语的语言和文化的学习。

(三)弘扬中国文化,树立民族自豪感的必要手段

跨文化交际是双向交流的过程,交际双方都应了解对方的文化特征,并彼此尊重对方的文化习惯。随着中国开放程度的不断加大,异文化,特别是英语文化以前所未有的深度和广度进人我国,对中国文化的影响明显要大于中国文化对西方文化的影响。我们的文化空间正在被慢慢地渗透,它也正在改变着年轻一代的思维方式,这远比一场实际的战争要可怕。在跨文化交际中过分强调对异文化的理解与认同,形成了一种轻视乃至忽略本民族文化,盲目崇拜外来文化的风气。面对英语文化的冲击,在外语教学中如何保持和发扬光大中国的传统文化,包括新疆本土文化,应该引起每一个教育工作者的重视。要使外语教学变得有效且符合实际,教学过程中就需注重培养和强化文化的平等交流意识即开放合理的跨文化意识,避免外语教学成为英美社会文化统治的工具,或者染上民族优越的特征。季羡林先生提出,“把中国文化的精华送到西方国家去。我们要奉行‘送去主义’,这既有政治意义,也有学术意义”。这有助于提高学习者对本国文化的认同感,增强民族自豪感,在跨文化交际过程中能显示出文化大国的学者所应有的深厚文化素养和独立的文化人格。

在新疆高校英语教学中,要有意识地加强少数民族学生在西方文化、汉文化以及新疆本土文化之间的对比学习,实现学生对多元文化更广、更深的理解。同时,教师在文化教学时还要认识到英语教学的主要目的之一就是训练学生进行“跨文化交际”,要避免学生在跨文化交际中过分强调对异文化的理解与认同,形成一种轻视乃至忽略汉文化和本民族文化,盲目崇拜外来文化的风气。防止盲目崇洋媚外和完全西化,使学生在学习英语的过程中既吸收其他民族的优点,取其精华、去其糟粕,又成为传播中华民族文化的使者,成为中国和世界各国沟通交往的桥梁。

(四)维护民族团结和祖国统一的必要手段

通过中西方文化对比,加深少数民族学生对中西方文化差异的分辨、分析能力,加深他们对中国文化本质特征的了解,让他们理解祖国五千年悠久而灿烂的中华文化是各民族兄弟姐妹在长期的历史交融中共同缔造的;要警惕和抵制国际敌对势力、境内外民族分裂主义势力在文化领域、意识形态领域的渗透和破坏,始终把中华民族的共同利益摆在首位;训练他们使用英语中介语更好地弘扬中华民族的文化精髓。

四、外语教学中融合母语文化的主要方法

(一)融合法

将语言材料与文化内容结合在一起的教学方法。如学生的英语教材中很多课文的语言材料本身就是介绍东西方国家的思想观念、价值取向、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等内容。教师要启发学生在学习英语课文时如果遇到介绍西方国家的某种文化现象时要举一反三地从自己的母语文化的角度加以比较和对比,这样可以更好地引起学生学习英语的兴趣。

(二)比较法

这一方法是跨文化语言交际教学的一个极为重要的手段。只有通过对比才能发现不同国家文化之间的异同,从而获得一种文化敏感性。教师在语言知识的教学过程中要有意识地向学生讲解中西方文化方面的异同之处,这样会对学生产生潜移默化的影响,从而真正实现跨文化交际。

(三)实践法

学生通过具体的语言实践,包括看英文录像和电影、幻灯片,观察英美人的日常生活交际习惯,获得感性认识;教师做讲座,介绍英美国家的风俗民情、文化概况并与中国相比较。让学生了解导致这些异同出现的社会历史根源以及它们所折射出来的社会文化价值观。只有在这个基础上,学生才能做到对本民族文化既不夜郎自大,也不轻易自卑,对目的语文化也能做到去其糟粕,取其精华,成为合格的中西方文化传递的使者。

(四)文化讲座或文化讨论

文化讲座是以班级为单位,在对比中西文化差异的基础上,教师通过主题分类和归纳来介绍、分析和解释较为突出的文化现象和特征。在文化讨论中教师是组织者,他们的作用是充分调动班级成员的积极性,对某个文化专题进行有步骤的、面对面的讨论,加深学生对这个专题的理解。文化讲座或文化讨论能否在文化教学中发挥出自己的作用在很大程度上取决于学生的学习观念和态度。如果一个班的学生普遍比较活跃,教师可以多选择文化讨论的形式;如果学生过于拘谨,不善言谈,教师可以采用文化讲座的形式,但是教师必须鼓励学生积极参与讨论。

英国文化英语论文第5篇

论文摘要:我国大学英语教学中中国文化的缺失已经成为一种必须逆转的趋势,着重讨论了在我国英语课堂引入中国文化的前景和可行性。

一、大学英语教学文化的研究背景

语言是文化的载体,同时也是文化必不可少的环节。大学英语教学作为重要的语言教学课程,更是肩负起了文化教育的重要责任。在高校的教学大纲中也明确指出文化教育与交际能力是英语教育的终极目标。随着全球化的发展,中国越来越面向世界,英语教学也逐渐转向西化,西式的教学成为一种趋势和潮流。然而,中国面临国家特殊的国情,中华民族和西方的民族不同,自古就有不同的生存环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰和思维方式。中国在学习国外的语言时,理所应当了解国外的文化背景和相关状况,但是学习语言的最终目的也是为了我们自我的提升和发展,中国同时也面临推销中国文化的重要使命,这些都表明大学英语教学需要的不仅仅是西方文化的引入,更多的是中国文化的渗入和传播。

二、我国大学英语教学文化教育现状和必要性

1.大学英语教学中过度引入西方文化而忽视东方文化

目前我国高等教育在英语中使用的教材大多是以反映西方风土人情和习俗、生活习惯和道德价值观念,中国的传统文化相形见绌,仅仅很少量地出现在一些中西文化对比的章节,完全不能满足弘扬中华文化的需要。

2.在英语教学中忽视国情而仅从语言角度出发讨论问题

中国现阶段面临和西方完全不同的国情状况,片面针对西方国家国情讨论英语问题是没有意义的,掌握英语基本技能要求我们能够对英语有熟练的技巧和对国外基本国情有足够的了解,但是归根结底我们针对的是中国的国情,结合中国实际,解决中国问题,这都需要在英语课堂上有足够的时间和内容来拓展。

3.关于中国文化问题的教学材料不丰富且质量不高

目前市面上几乎没有专门的关于中国传统文化或价值取向的英文教学材料,有少量的读物与中国文化有关,但都没有相关配套的教学资源,这一点大大限制了英语教学在中国文化上的扩展面。

4.在大学教育中培养大学生的文化主体意识

中国当代大学生缺乏主人翁意识和主体意识,这需要在日常学习生活中得到教育和强化。而很重要的一点是。这种主人翁意识很深地寓于中国的文化中。面临外国文化的侵入,中国文化在英语教学中的弘扬也变得尤为重要。

三、中国文化在大学教学中弘扬的可行性分析

1.可行性分析

中国文化有其悠久的历史,传承千年,伴随中国人民的优良传统和品质,具有很强大的生命力。我们日常教育中从不曾忽略对中国文化的弘扬和发展,这给我们在英语教学中弘扬中国优良的文化孕育了必备的土壤。

另外。文化宣扬缺失的问题还没有被普遍认识和重视,我们只要充分认识问题,寻求可行的解决办法,能够很大程度上改善现今的状况,能够将英语教学的高度大大提升,并且从而起到其应该有的必不可少的作用。 转贴于

2.在大学英语教学中弘扬中国文化的可行性措施

(1)在重视教学的同时,重视学生的输出

语言输人和输出是两种相反的观念,在我们日常学习中输入和输出必不可少,在英语教学中大部分时间的输人是不利于教学的,学生需要有充足的机会来反馈和输出,这是中国文化在英语教学中能够真正落到实处的重要方面。

(2)教学中案例的使用与一般讲授相结合

高校英语教学中弘扬中国文化有其可实行性,因为中国文化经历千年发展,有其诸多的鲜明示例和生动教学材料,英文材料的匮乏并不代表中文材料的缺失,在此方面我们有很大的潜力开阔丰富的教学材料。

(3)教学结合具体的地方特点

英语教学具有很大的灵活性,不必死守一些理论。我们可以结合当地的特色文化,充分地考虑到教学所在地的地方特色。

(4)英语教学中应该注重德育教育

国外文化和中国传统的文化有巨大的区别,国外一些文化在中国没有生存的土壤,却也以正面和负面的形象同时影响着学生的价值观和价值取向。中国的德育教育是一个特色,在世界虽然没有太大影响力,却是中国环境产生的必不可少的文化。在英语教学中注重德育教育,完善了整个教育体系。

(5)具体事例——开设汉语典籍英译赏析

目前汉语典籍音译已经得到了较大的发展,可用资料数量较几年前也得到较大扩展。市场也初步形成,面临着较大的需求。从汉语典籍开始推进高校英语中国文化的弘扬是一条具有潜力的途径。

(6)英语学习者要认识自己,认识自己的民族及其优良的文化

只有当英语学习者自己能够认识到自身文化的重要性时,大学英语教学中对中国文化的弘扬才能真正落到实处,而不仅仅是停留在教而无学,学而无用的阶段。

参考文献:

[1]扬国珍.英语教学与英汉文化差异[J].中国科教创新导刊。2011(11):152.

[2]唐智霞.英语教学中应关注学生跨文化交际能力的培养[J].安阳师范学院学报,2007(6):103-104.

[3]李娅琳,陈晓靖.大学英语教学中渗透中国文化之必要性研究[J].牡丹江大学学报,2011(1):141-144.

英国文化英语论文第6篇

Key words:Black English; American English; American Culture; Influence

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. The Characteristics of Black English 2

2.1 Phonetics 2

2.2 Grammar 3

3. The Influence on American Culture 7

3.1 The Influence on American English 7

3.2 The Influence on American Art 9

3.3 The Influence on American Literature 11

4. The Practical Significance of Black English 14

5. Conclusion 15

Acknowledgements 16

References 17

 

1.Introduction

Black English is a social dialect of American English, and it has been historically influenced by West African languages, General Southern American English and English-based creoles.

 This kind of English shares several characteristics with the forms of Creole English spoken by people throughout the whole world. In addition, it also has pronunciation, grammatical structures, and vocabulary in common with various West African languages.[1]198 Since a large number of Black people migrate to America and they have the percentage of more than 12%, [2]496the Black English has been popularized in this country. But in the American society, people seldom realize the influence and contribution of Black English and they never give the equal state to Black people. In fact, the language and culture of American reflect the contributions of the Black English in many aspects, such as linguistic, art and literature.

Nowadays, it is reasonably acceptable to say that Black English is not only an independent language but also making practical significance to American English and the American Culture. Researchers need to study the significance in details. So this paper intends to collect the study of the characteristics of Black English, and then summarize its influences on the American English. Since the change of language can lead changes in other aspects, such as Art and Literature aspects, this paper also states the influence in detailed options.

The method of this paper is reviewing the past study and surveys, not just from the linguistic point of view or the historical aspects of Black English, but from its formation and characteristics to demonstrate the existence and development of Black English and the practical significance. Through the analysis of Black English on the profound impact of American culture, the paper advances a view on the value of Black English and its prospects. Finally it puts forward the importance and necessity of enhancing learning and research on Black Culture as the continuous improvement and economic conditions of Black people.

2. The Characteristics of Black English

Black English, as a unique variant of English, has many differences with the Standard English based on the structure of language. And this paper tends to discuss the features of Black English in phonetics and grammar aspects. Since Black English is not just a simplified version of English, it has a unique language system with the same fixed structure as any other dialect all over the world.

2.1 Phonetics

Most Black people use a distinctive English variant. This black dialect has aroused many linguists’ interests. Repeatedly been labeled as “pidgin English”, Black English’s role in the development of American Culture can not be questioned. Black English as a source of Black Culture has always been paid more attention by linguists and sociologists in nowadays.

2.1.1 The Weakened Consonant

Because of the influence of West African, some voiced consonants are the same with their form of voiceless consonant. Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/, and /g/ are always pronounced to //, //, //, and in most cases these phonemes are ignored. In order to make a difference between them, sometimes the vowel before the voiced consonants could be slightly re-read harder, take the “heat and heed”, “let and led” and “fate and fade” which is ended with the word “e” as examples.

In the syllables which are combined with consonants and vowels, some nasals can also be weakened, such as “sum, sun, sung”, and only the vowel // in the word which is somewhat influenced by the nasal.

2.1.2 The Omission of Consonant Clusters

    The simplification of Consonant Clusters is an obvious feature of Black English. The mutes in English are //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //, //. Black English often omit the mutes in the end of a word, and the word “side”// is always pronounced to “sigh”//. This kind of omission is not arbitrary, and it is decided by the situation of pronouncing a word: when the mute at the end only represents the morpheme is not connected, for example, the frequency of reserving // is higher than integral part of the stem in the word “borrow”. It will also be reserved if there is vowel behind the mute, such as the first “d” in the phrase “tried hard”.

2.1.3 The Pronunciation of // and //

The omission of // is a notable characteristic of Black English. In American, it is a tendency of underclass to omit // before vowels but not only of Black English.[3]297Because of this kind of omission, there is no differences between “guard-god”, “fort-fought” and “sore-saw” in Black English.When // is between two vowels, the syllable after it needn’t be pronounced, as “Paris” could be read as//; when there is a word beginning with vowel behind it, the // could also be regretted.

// is voiceless before the consonant, such as the word “health” always be pronounced to // and so on. However, when // is after the vowel as the end of the word, it is assimilated by the phoneme before it, such as the similar pronunciation with “mail” and “may”//. In addition, // is voiceless before // and //, as “always”//, “already” //. The more interesting thing is that they pronounce “will” to “ah”,for example, “I ah be there in a minute.” While the correct form in Standard English is “I will be there in a minute.”

2.1.4 The Pronunciation of // and //

In Black English, // is always pronounced as // and // is always pronounced as //, for example, “think” is pronounced to be //. While the // in the end of a word is transformed to //, and “mouth” is pronounced to be //, “nothing” is to //. In addition, the “th” in the middle of a word is always pronounced to be //, so “mother” is to //, “other” is to //, and “brother” is to //.

Actually, there are many more characters than mentioned in the paper, but we can recognize the differences of phonetics between Black English and Standard English just from the mentioned examples.

 Smith Thurman, a well-known expert in Black English, said that black dialect used same number of English phonemes with white, and the only difference is the distribution pattern of phoneme.[4]553

2.2 Grammar

    There are also many researches who have found the special usage in grammar of Black English. For example, the different meanings in the sentences “He workin’” and “He done worked” are hard to be explained by the Standard English. The first means “He is working 253.It also indicates the difference between Simple progressive and emphasized perfective. Not only the tense plays a different role in the grammar, there are many other points such as the relative usage of the word “be”, the negation and transmission of the word.

2.2.1 Tense

    Syntax best embodies the characteristics of Black English. In the verb-system, the differences between Black English and Standard English are most significant, which is most similar with pidgin and Creole their ancestors used. In Black English, the only duty of the verb in the sentence is to indicate the time concept of one or a few verbs, and other verbs can be expressed in verb stem. Sometimes when the context gives essential temporal support, the tense can be totally regretted. For example, in the following section of black sermons, the Preacher has made it clear that he is talking about the past, because both the life and devotion of Jesus have already happened: “The man Jesus,he come your sins! He the thieves and here. He die to walk the earth. He you from go among try to Save the unrighteous. The master say whoever will let him come!”

In addition, the singular verb of third person in Present Tense is not ended with “s”, for example, “She work in the factory”.

Black English has two Perfect Tenses: “Remote Perfect aspect” which is constituted by the “been” and “Immediate Perfect aspect” constituted by “done”. At this point, Black English and West African languages is extremely similar. [6]

    (i) The “been” in “remote perfect aspect” has a certain meaning of action in past tense. And this kind of perfect tense could be divided into two forms: I been know him(momentary action), I been knowin’-him.(ongoing action).

    (ii) “Immediate Perfect aspect” uses the auxiliary verb “done”. In modern Black English, following sentence are commonly used:

    ① I done go.

    ② I done went.

③ I done gone.

    These three are used in different situations:

    ① Used in the Immediate Present sentences.

    ② Used in the Simple Past sentences.

    ③ Used in the semi adjective structures.

2.2.2 Relative usage of “be”

The usage of“be”in Black English is also very special. If one action, thing or state does not happen frequently, the“be”in this sentence will be deleted. For example, “he in the house -watchin’ TV”. The abbreviation of the copula such as “is” and “are” can also be deleted. In addition, when in a passive sentence the passive voice is not expressed so clearly by the speaker, “be” can also be deleted, for example, “the factory built in 1958”. However if the action happens frequently, “be” can be used as the predicate verb in the sentence“they be out in the yard every night.”

When“be” and“do” work together means this kind of thing happens frequently in the Interrogative sentences and Emphatic sentences. For example, “Do you be playing all day?” (Do they play all day?) “Yeah, the boys do mess around a lot.”(Yeah, the boys do mess around a lot.) Famous linguist William Labov researched a lot in the Black English and concluded that: all the“be”which can appear in the forming of abbreviation can be deleted in Black English. [7]113Actually, the usage of “be”is far more complex than this conclusion which is easily got from the above descriptions. 

2.2.3 Negation

There are three different versions of negation in Black English: “ain’t”, “don’” and “dit’n”, which can be written as “ain’t”, “don’t” and “didn’t”. While the special usage of “ain’t” is a feature of Black English. Ain not is a negative form in past tense: I ain’t see. In a sentence, the negation always repeated: I ain’t see nothin’ like that no place. The meaning is equivalent of: I did not see anything like that anywhere. (I’ve never seen this kind of thing in any place.) When the predicate is not active verb, ain’t become the only symbol of negation. For example, I ain’t afraid of nothing. He ain’t gonna get no money out of it. Besides, it can be combined with "ing" and make up the present continuous tense. For example, we ain’t kidding and we ain’t quitting, we ain’t turning back. 

The function of “ain’t” in Black English is same with the “haven’t” in Standard English. Therefore the “We haven’t contacted each of her since last Christmas.” can be evolved to “We ain’t contacted each of her since last Christmas.” Sometimes, “ain’t” can replace the phrase “didn’t” in simple negation sentence. So in Black English, sentences can be like following forms: “She ain’t email me yesterday.” The young boy insisted, “I ain’t steal his wallet.” “I ain’t run like that in years.”

Multi-negation means there is not only one symbol of negation. Under this regulation, the pronoun needs to add some mark of negation.

For example: “She ain’t see any thing/ anyone at the railway station” can be changed into “She ain’t see nothing/ nobody at the railway station”. If the subject is “nobody” but not “he” or “Janet”, it will add negative determiner at the beginning of the sentence. This is called “negative inversion” by linguists. As a result, it is very common to hear that “Didn’t nobody say nothing to the peoples!”

3. The Influence on American Culture

An important contribution of Black English is the influence on the American Culture. The familiar “negro spiritual”, the unusual rhythms and the famous performance in movie and literature —all these originated with the slaves. It is said that what is the best and most original in American popular culture has its roots in Black English. Important black speakers, singers, actors and writers are too numerous to list.

3.1 The Influence on American English

He Ruigao expresses his opinion in his article Black English that there are some differences in certain aspects of language between Black English and American English. And he believes that after all, Black English is a variant of English, so the differences are only in some degree rather than fundamental, and do not affect the people’s contacts.

It is clear that there is a strong relationship between Black English and American English, while the distinct characters of Black English are not fully explained and its origins are still a matter of debate. One theory is that Black English arose from one or more slave creoles that arose from the trans-Atlantic African slave trade and the need for African captives to communicate among themselves and with their captors.  According to this theory, these captives’ language developed into what are called pidgins, simplified mixture of two or more languages. As pidgins are from closely contact between members of different language communities, the slave trade would have been exactly such a situation. Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated whites. As the time passes, the Black English gradually plays an important role in the United States and U.S. Culture.

3.1.1 The Forming of Black English

In the slave society, there are so many different languages that the natives on two sides of the river cannot understand each other. But the safest way for them to keep their authority is to trade with the different nations on both sides of the river. The famous writer, Cotton Mather, claimed to have been very familiar with his slaves’ speech, and his imitative writing shows features presented in many Creole languages and even in modern Black English. By the time of the American Revolution, varieties among slave creoles were not quite mutually intelligible.

Not until the time of the American Civil War did the language of the slaves become familiar to a large number of educated whites. In Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), Thomas Wentworth Higginson detailed many features of his soldiers' language. Shana Poplack has also provided corpus-based evidence from isolated enclaves in Samaná and Nova Scotia lived by descendants of migrations of early Black English-speaking groups. All of these researches suggest that the grammar of early Black English is closer to that of contemporary British dialects than modern urban Black English to current American dialects. We can find that the modern language is a result of divergence from mainstream varieties, rather than the result of creolization from a widespread American creole. 

3.1.2 The Relations with the American English

In United States, blacks worked in this land with the identity of slaves and inherited some habits from the African culture and language, and thus gradually formed a black American society with unique culture. While the communication between the black slaves and the slavers became a major hub linking the two cultures, and produced a subtle influence to American English, which mainly reflected in English words borrowed, as well as the meaning of the word twists and turns, and the absorption of idioms. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States.

There is little regional variation among speakers of Black English.89 In order to understand the United States and American culture, and to acquire its development, Blacks melt their culture, such as language, literature and art, with those of the United States. Later, Black English is not only for Black people, it is still widely used by a number of regional dialects. Even in literature works, authors often use Black English to show the hero's nationality, identity and upbringing.

Not only the phonetics and grammar of Black English prove the influence to American language, but we can also achieve it from the assertion of Black English. For example, “the blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice” means “she is very mature and favorable”. Another example, “you aren’t got a pot to piss in on a window to throw I tout of” means that you are very pool. “If I tell you a hen hip snuff, look under its wing and find a whole box” means that all you said is true. “You never miss yo water till yo well run dry” means that “you will never feel the importance of water until you are very thirst”.[10]6-7 The representative assertion is very lively and meaningful, suggesting the wisdom of the Black English.

3.2 The Influence on American Art

When Blacks live in Africa, they have the hobby to sing and dance during laboring. But then they are later taken away as slaves by the colonists to the southern United States plantation. They work in the fields wearing shackles and live in the primitive hut in the deserted swamp and jungle. But due to this kind of suffering, they create a valuable oral literature including hymns and blues and other Black Art, which has made an outstanding contribution to the culture to the United States.

3.2.1 The Integration with Music 

    It is generally believed that music of blacks has some distinctive forms from American music like American Ragtime, Blues, Jazz, Musical and Country music. Ragtime was first played by a black Anonymous piano, which was very popular in the late 19th century to early 20th century. It uses segmentation rhythm, trying to evolve from the popular dance music of blacks, and then Ragtime music appears. Scott. Joplin is one of the Ragtime representatives, and his performance of “Maple Leaf pull tone” has been a smash hit, which is so famous that all of the Ragtime pianist would play in their shows.

Blues is from field horn and songs with a strong feeling of African tradition and its tunes are always sad. The most famous Blues singer is Bessie Smith, known as Blues Queen. When Ragtime, Blues and other tunes with rich colors of Africa's influence add together with the elements in Europe, the Jazz comes into being.  

With the integration of grammar, the ways people sing a song become various in American. Many young people jump into the swim of “rap” and “hip-hop”, which is considered as a really fashion style to express one song and the soul. While among the most famous masters, more than 90 percent are black people, such as the episode in Prison Break.

The word “rap” meant “blame” in the middle of 18th century and was always used in phrase in the 19th, “to take the rap” meant “to take the blame”. After the civil war, black people used it to blame white people and requested the equality with them. And finally it replaced the word “conversation” to be popular among the white teenagers. There are many simplifications of words in “rap” which become totally different with American English. For example, the “er” in the end of word is changed into “a”, “nigger” into “nigga”.[11]185 Besides, the “ks” or “cks” in the end of a word can be replaced by “x” because they have the same pronunciation. All of these examples prove that it has become a new version of grammar in American English. For example, the “re” or “e” which can’t be heard during a speedy song are always omitted such as “more” and “mo”, “for” and “fo”, or the number “4”. The omission of “g” in “ing” is another new grammar in American English.

Some words also change its pronunciation. For example, in the word “through”, “gh” never being pronounced is know to all, since we pronounce “th” // in stead of // there is no difference in pronunciation with the word “true”.

In the “rap”, the Black English has many distinct characters and its lyrics tend to be more fashion and creative. Most of these new word are very short or the abbreviation of some long words so that even the local Americans can not understand. In order to keep its character of fashion, “rap” uses word on the point of fashion. Therefore, the characteristics of Black English are the foundation of “rap”, which makes it no longer a simple style of music but a diverse style.

3.2.2 The Integration with Film 

Film is an integrated form of art, with combination of test technology, art and commerce, and the thought of images it brings to the human mind is revolutionary. Because it's easy to be accepted, the film is destined to be a mass media on hundreds of millions people when it appears. In a short century, Hollywood becomes a symbol of American mass culture, and the influence on American society is immeasurable.

Film expresses and promotes the life style and values of Americans. During the war era, it boosts moral e of the soldiers. While in the Depression era, it could replace the cash of the American dream and reflected the public's ideals and dreams. In this case, blacks also express their dream to achieve the equality in the American society through the film, such as Shaw shank Redemption, the Pursuit of Happiness and Death Pact and so on. Because of the success of these works and the influence on future, some later generations continued to collect and summarize the classic dialogue in these black films, and to commemorate the black culture for future generations to study at the same time.

There are two characteristics of grammar which can be easily found in the black films.First is the invariant of “be”, and second is the multi-negation of“ain’t”.The invariant of“be”is used before verb, adjective, noun and passive voice in Black English.

(i)Your gas bill be high, don’t it? (Your gas bill is usually high, isn’t it?)

(ii) My boss be in his office by 8am. (My boss is usually in his office by 8am.)

(iii)It don’t be dogged. I grease it and oil it. (It isn’t usually dogged, I grease it and oil it.)

Laurel Avenue (1993) is a story about a family’s effort to counter drug, faction and violence in order to achieve the “American Dream”. In the film, when Rashhawn’s uncle blamed on his sailing drug, he said that “What the hell I be giving you money fuh[for ]?” while his word can also be translated to “Do you know why I always give you money ? ”

It is worthy to mention that this kind of grammar in the film is also very popularized by young Latinos. Therefore, the Black English users have crossed the racial boundaries and expanded to the crowd who are favor of hip hop culture.

The multi-negation of “ain’t” can be fully realized in the most influential black filmmaker Spike Lee’s masterpiece Do the Right Thing. The story happened in Brooklyn, New York, and demonstrated an explosion caused by the ethnic problems. There are a large number of unique performances of Black English in the dialogues:   “Ain’t no brothers on the wall? I ain’t run like that in years. Don’t call me no bum. Jade don’t come here no more, all right? Don’t call me nothing.”

Although many so-called “not standard”regulations of Black English have been criticized for a long time, its expression is an important means to promote Black Culture of the Hollywood directors and become a beautiful view in American films.

3.3 The Influence on American Literature

In the destiny of black, there must be a clearly visible way, on which they have worked with effort to win dignity and literary. Through their effort, it exhibited such a road as well as those marks in relation to life along the way: once in Black history, unforgettable pain is essential for the experience to the results today. Black Literature, in the United States and the world, has been mainly as slaves, especially in countries outside Africa.

The Black English writer Toni Morrison was born in black family, and later achieved today’s scholars and writer’s identity by reading. In 1993, because of her “making the important part of American society much more vigorously through the rich poetic imagination and expression”, she won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and became the only black women writer in history to be honored.

Not only the Black Literature but also the American Literature has these characters of Black English in their works.

The Sound and the Fury (1929) is written by a famous American writer William Faulkner (1897-1962). The first part, “April 7th, 1928”, describes the conversation and action between the children in the farm waiting for the coming of procession.

“I skeered I going to holler,” T.P said.

“Get on the box and see is they started.”

“They haven’t started because the band hasn’t come yet.” Caddy said.

“They ain’t going t have no band.” Frony said.

“How do you know?” Caddy said.

“I know what I knows,” Frony said.

“You don’t know anything,” Caddy said.

“She went to the tree.”

“Put me up,” Versh.

“Your paw told you to stay out that tree,” Versh said.

“That was a long time ago,” Caddy said,

“I except he’s forgotten about it, besides he said to mind me tonight. Didn’t he say to mind me tonight?”

“I’m not going to mind you, T .P and Frony are not going to either,” Jason said.[12]4

The children in this conversation turn out to be totally different between T.P, Frony, Versh and Caddy, Jason. The dialogue of the first three people has some characters of Black English. For example, “be” in the sentence “I (am) skeered (that) I (am ) going to holler” which is the distinct signal of Black English. On the contrary, the conversation of Candy and Jason do not omit this part as Jason says that “I’m not going to mind you,TP and Frony are not going to either”. And the singular verb of third person even does not have any difference with first person or any one else in the sentence “I know what I knows”. In addition, the mixture of // and // of the word “git” in the sentence “got on the box” is very common in Black English. It turns out that T.P, Frony and Versh are children of black in the farm, while Caddy and Jason are children of the farmer.

On the other hand, many black people like Frederick and William, not only struggle to learn the culture, but also use the pen as a weapon after the flight. They took active part in the abolitionist movement and expressed positive public opinions. Slave owner always treat Black people as the inferior race, so Black people’s ability to carry out literature itself is a powerful evidence of that lie, let alone the rich ideological content in their articles. And all of these proof that Black people is an excellent nation with a historical cultural tradition on the literature and their language also plays an irreplaceable role in the development of American literature.

4. The Practical Significance of Black English

In1863, 2 years before the war ended, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the Confederate states. Shortly after the war ended in 1865, the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution freed all slaves. A few years later, the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments gave the former slaves full civil rights, including giving African-American men the right to vote.[13]77

In politics, more blacks are voting, and more are getting elected. Since 40 years ago, the Black middle-class group has risen from scratch and grown in their standard of living. There are no difference in professional skills and educational background with the white middle class. Outstanding representatives of Black people appear in many areas of the United States, such as the Black mayor, governor, ministers and members of Congress, and all of them are no longer surprise to us. The much more important thing is that Democratic candidate Barack Obama won the U.S. presidential election in 2008 to become the first real chance to win the presidency in the Black.

Blacks are also trying to improve their financial position by going into professions or starting their own business. There are now more than 600,000 black-owned companies in the U.S. and blacks are more numerous than ever in the professions-as teachers, doctors, lawyers, judges and ministers.

In 1952, Ralph Ellison, a black author, wrote a book about blacks in the U.S. called the Invisible Man. Since the 1960s, blacks have become more visible on TV and in movies and magazines. Networks, filmmakers and advertisers now realize that black consumers want to see their race represented. Today, blacks in significant numbers work as newscasters, TV actors and actresses, and movie stars.

Huang Weifeng says in his African American English on a Number of Historical Issues that, “Only when the racism in American society has been completely eradicated from the mind, the Black Cultural expressions of Black English can really be recognized.”81

5. Conclusion

“Black English” is widely used as the name because it is used by Black people. In fact, its user of this language is far beyond our imagination. In addition to the external community in the black population, it is also used by lower middle and low classes in America. It has profound impacts on American culture and communication in various aspects, especially with the continuous improvement of their political, economic and cultural status, and Black English has been paid more and more attention. In view of this, the paper starts to explore the formation and characteristics of its existence and development. It is said that the view of helping people understand the Black Culture correctly, the concept of eliminating the racial discrimination and enhancing the awareness to protect national culture plays an important role to cultural exchanges and cultural diversity.

The above discussion of Black English is by no means comprehensive but it can serve our purpose to improve the regulation and state of Black English. The significance of studying the nature of Black English is really multifaceted. While the most direct one is the significance for lingu istic research. The attitude to the question that whether Black English is a dialect or a language determines the methods of research. This paper argues that Black English is essentially a separate system and its significance to the American Culture. It should be researched as an independent study of language. [17]34

Undoubtedly, the Black English makes Black people more dramatic in the movies. The syntax rules and special vocabulary of Black English, which are incompatible with the mainstream of English, become the foundation of their culture with their bold dance and passive music. Although most black people using Black English live in the southern United States and the countries, those well-educated middle-class blacks also use Black English in some informal gatherings.

With the black music, novels and movies continuously mix into the mainstream of American society, the syntax rules and special vocabulary of Black English begin to be accepted by American English and become parts of the American culture. Because of the worldwide spread of English and increasingly prosperous Black Culture, the Black English will be more widely active in screen as a mature variation of English and an important way to display the diverse culture of the United States.

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my tutor, Wu Qing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books.

       My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

References

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[2] Roger Porter. Past and Present [M]. James. Mill Company, 1971.

[3] 侯维瑞. 英国英语与美国英语[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1992.

[4] 斯密瑟曼. 交谈与证实: 黑美洲的语言[M]. 美国纽约出版社, 1977.

. Blackwell, 2002.

[6] 方久华, 熊敦礼. 美国黑人英语语言特点探讨[J]. 华中科技大学学报, 湖北武汉, 2007.

[7] 拉波夫. 在社会环境里研究语言[M]. 中国社会科学出版社,1979.

[8] Baker, Houston A., Jr. Blues. Ideology and Afro-American Literature: a Vernacular Theory [M].University of Chicago Press, 1984.

[9] Baugh, John, Beyond Ebonics. Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice [M].New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

[10] 杰克•丹尼尔. 黑人英语中的影响[M]. 英国伦敦出版社, 1973.

[11] 蔡昌卓. 美国英语史[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2002.

. McGraw-Hill, 1929.

[13] 张卫平. 美国制度与文化[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2006.

[14] 黄卫峰. 对现代英语词汇学的两处质疑[J]. 云梦学刊, 2003.

[15] 侯维瑞. 英国英语与美国英语[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1992.

[16] 张卫平. 美国制度与文化[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2006.

[17] 葛咏涛. 美国文化风云人物[M]. 四川大学出版, 2007.

 

诚 信 承 诺

我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《论黑人英语对美国文化的影响及其现实意义》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。

 

                承诺人(签名): 徐珊珊     

英国文化英语论文第7篇

国际化人才需要具备较强的跨文化外语沟通能力,听、说、读、写、译是国际化英语人才需要掌握的基本技能,如此才能在国际经贸活动中发挥积极作用。因此,在国际化人才背景下的大学英语教学改革中,首先需要重视培养学生的英语基础能力和综合应用能力。而合理开设综合课程是大学英语教学改革中的一条有效途径,可通过开设语言知识、交际技能、情境训练等相关综合性的英语课程来帮助学生打好语言基础,培养和提高学生的英语综合应用能力,从而奠定学生走向国际社会的必要条件。

二、适当增设跨文化选修课程,培养学生的国际化意识

在国际经贸活动中由于是跨文化背景下的交流与合作,因而在国际交际中不单单只是语言上的交流,同时还涉及到不同国度政治、文化、礼仪、习俗等方面的交流。为此,国际化人才需具备较强的国际化意识,以避免在国际交际中出现“cultureshock”。于是乎在大学英语教学改革中可适当增设跨文化的选修课程,通过这些选修课程来实现对学生的多元文化熏陶和全方位的国际教育,帮助学生了解和接受不同国家文化的差异,培养和促进学生形成国际意识。

三、举办跨文化交际专题活动,拓宽学生的国际视野

宽广的国际视野是国际化人才应具备的基本素质,因而在大学英语教学改革中高校应重视拓宽学生的国际视野。对此,高校可以加强组织各种跨文化交流的活动,如举办跨文化交际专题讲座,定期安排外籍教师和学术专家、国外创业成功人士、留学生等开展系列文化讲座与案例教学。高校通过组织和举办各种跨文化交际专题活动来帮助学生认识和接受中西方文化差异,拓宽学生的国际视野,一方面帮助学生熟悉和掌握国际通行规则,另一方面促进学生跨文化交流能力的不断提高。

四、开设双语教学模式,增强学生的职业英语能力

如何增强学生的职业英语能力,这是高校大学英语教学改革的又一重要任务。在国际竞争中不仅要求人才能够使用英语进口无障碍的交流,更主要的是人才可以在专业领域中完成相关岗位要求,如材料报告、合同拟定等,对人才的职业英语应用能力要求较高。对此,我国高校在大学英语教学改革中可以通过开设双语教学模式来强化对学生听说读写译英语基本技能的培养和训练。运用英语和汉语相结合的教学模式来帮助学生更容易掌握语言知识和基本技能,进一步提高学生的职业竞争力。

五、开展多样化实践活动,提高学生的综合素质

学生具备各方面的综合素质和能力是其成为国际化人才的必要条件,因此如何提高学生的综合素质也是高校大学英语教学改革需要重点考虑的方面。高校在进行大学英语教学改革的过程中不仅需要重视对学生文化素质的培养,同时还应侧重培养学生的创新能力、实践应用能力等,学生只有具备过硬的综合素质才能在国际竞争中占据优势。为此,高校可以通过开展多样化、开放性的实践活动(如英语演讲比赛、英语文艺演出等、来营造英语氛围,为学生提供更多英语实践应用的机会,提高学生的综合素质。

六、结语

英国文化英语论文第8篇

【关键词】 英美文学评论;语言;文化;策略;影响

纵观英美文学的发展历程可以看出英美文学评论受社会环境、文化内涵、语言特征、生活习惯、知识结构、文学家主观因素等各方面的影响。特别是文学评论家依据的评论方法不同,从而造成评论的结果不同。因此,正确认知和理解英美文学相关概念,对加强英美文学建设具有积极的促进作用。

一、英美文学评论概述

英美文学评论的理论基础是建立在英美文学的形式和作品中,通过研究英美文学的特点或者英美文学中存在的特殊事物及其发展规律来鉴定英美文学,从而得出英美文学差异的具体表现。英美文学评论的形式具有多元化特点,根据英美文学作品的语言特色和文化差异可以将文学评论的形式划分为以下三种:小说评论、诗歌评论、戏剧评论。在英美文学评论体系中,对英美文学作品进行一个全面性、多角度、多层次、全方位的品读与鉴赏是英美文学评论的最终目的。比如在评论英国著名文学家简・奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》和美国著名文学家海明威的《老人与海》这两部文学作品时,评论家们就需要对这两部文学从作者写作背景、思想内容、文学表现风格和形式等方面对文学进行理解与鉴赏,为文学爱好者提供一个专业性的评论方案,从而为提升其鉴赏水平提供理论基础。

相较于一般文学作品而言,英美文学评论的层次更加鲜明。文学评论家们对英美文学作品全方位、多层次地深入分析是英美文学评论的基础,也是英美文学综合评论体系的主要内容之一。评论家们要想完整、全面地理解文学作品所表达的含义,就需要对作品从背景、时间、题材、创作风格等方面做出深刻的文学评论。由此可见,英美文学评论与一般文学评论之间的最大差距是英美文学评论具有鲜明的文学色彩、艺术表现特点。因此,文学评论家们要将评论的着重点放在英美文学作品本身具有的属性上,全面综合评价文学作品。

二、评论视角选取策略

1、时效性策略

时效性是文学评价家评论视角选取策略考虑的首要策略,其原因是英美文学作品具有极大的现实意义,对后世文学研究具有极大的参考价值。因此,评论家要想达到英美文学评论可以启发文学创作思维的目的就需要把握时效性策略和英美文学作品的特点,为英美文学的发展提供保障。时效性策略研究是以英美文学作品的创作背景、创作风格、作品特征、艺术表现形式等方面作为研究内容,以文学作品自身艺术属性和作品特色作为时效性策略的研究重点,以推动英美文学的发展作为研究目的。因此,重视英美文学评论的时效性是推动英美文学评论得以快速有效发展的关键因素,也是发挥英美文学评论加快精神文明建设脚步的重要策略之一。

2、差异化策略

文学表现形式和文学作品体裁的多样性赋予了文学作品文学样式的多元化特征,因此不同的文学作品具有不同的属性,这也是区分文学作品差异的主要方式。针对文学评论体系中的文学作品差异认识,评论家需要正确把握差异性策略在文学评论体系中的应用原理,把提升英美文学评论质量作为差异性策略研究的主要目的,以提高英美文学评论水平、提升英美文学评论的整体效果、帮助文学阅读者正确理解文学内涵作为差异性策略研究的方向。由此可见,评价家要以差异性策略研究的方向作为提升英美文学评论的重要手段,从全新的角度把握差异性策略,从而为英美文学评论体系提供理论基础。

三、英美文化差异对英美文学的影响

1、语言差异对英美文学评论的影响

作为一个民族的根基之一的语言,在文化体系中占据着重要的地位。首先,英语是英美文学作品创作的工具,也是传达文学内容和表现形式的主要方式。英美文学作品与一般的文学作品在语言表现形式、抽象概念表达方面极具鲜明的主观色彩和浓厚想象力。英美文学评论家就需要利用英语传达出文学作品的精髓,为文学阅读者们提供简洁、华丽、通俗或者高雅的评论与见解,帮助文学爱好者们更加深入地了解文学内容。由此可见,作为语言体系的主要组成部分之一的英语,在语言表达方面具有极强的语言表现了和文体风格。

英语与汉语一样,在表达文学思想内涵方面会受到一个国家的地理环境、宗教文化、文化历史等方面的因素影响,导致英语在英国和美国的发音、表达方式等方面具有差异性,从而形成了“美式英语”和“英式英语”。造成美式英语和英式英语之间的差异元素有很多,主要包含谚语、典故、俗语等。谚语、典故、宗教的不同,一方面造成英语的语法结构不同,另一方面使英语表达的含义存在一定的差异,导致其他国家理解别国的文学作品含义上存在一定的难度。英语是英国的母语,国家在传承与发扬英语文化的过程中会根据英语文化的“正宗”结构和表达形式来表达文学作品。虽然正宗的英语表达形式会给文学评论家和文学阅读者们带来方便,但是也会造成英国文学作品没有美国文学作品的随意洒脱。其原因是作家在表达语言时严格遵循英式英语的正规表达结构,使作品带有浓厚的“庄严”色彩。

相较于英式英语而言,美式英语在表达结构方面注入了新鲜的血液,没有完全遵循英式英语的传统文化,在美式英语结构改革方面加入了创新元素,使美式英语充满“叛逆性”和“革新性”。另外,美式英语的历史背景没有英式英语那么浓厚,人们在传承语言文化时没有背负沉重的思想包袱,因此作家在文学作品语言表达方面更加开放、随意,带有鲜明的个人主观色彩。美国文学评论的特色是自由、创新,与英国文学评论相比,美国文学评论不仅可以激发文学家们的创作热情,还可以促进美国文学领域的快速发展。

2、文化内涵差异对英美文学评论的作用

相较于美国文学评论而言,英国文学评论家们在继承英语传统文化与坚持自由开放、创新的评论体系之间挣扎。英国文学评论创作手法在17世纪与18世纪之间发生了明显的变化,从遵循浓厚的宗教色彩向创新的创作表现方向发展,从思考历史文化向思考人性力量方向发展。创作手法在英国文学评论体系中的不断变化表明文学家和评论家在以一种创新发展的相关思考文化差异对文学的作用,以传统文化内涵作为依托,将传统文化理念结合后现代文学主义、女权主义、后殖民主义思想向独立、个性、自由的文学方向发展。作为英国文学思想的主要组成部分之一的解构主义,在美国后现代主义文学思想体系中具有引导作用。文学是文学评论产生的理论基础,英美文学评论体系的不断发展与英美文学研究结构体系息息相关。在文学价值方面,英国文学评论和美国文学评论具有相同的文学价值:构建一个独立自由、共性与个性并存、富有独特魅力的文学评论价值体系。

四、结束语

综上所述,美国文学评论在语言、文化、结构等方面受传统文化的影响并不大,相较于英国文学评论而言,美国文学评论注重创新思维理论的应用。英国文学评论与美国文学评论之间是一种相辅相成的关系,英国文学评论体系遵循的传统语言文化对美国文学评论体系具有指导作用,美国文学评论是对英国文学评论的传承与创新,从而共同构成了一个多元化视角的英美评论体系。

【参考文献】

[1] 吴晶.英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响分析[J].才智,2015.03.282-283+285.

[2] 李晓旭.英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响[J].品牌,2015.03.123-124.